Underground Cities of Cappadocia, Turkey: A Complete Guide to Ancient Cave Dwellings (2025)
Table of Contents
- Introduction
- A Brief History: From Ancient Civilizations to Modern Tourism
- What Makes Cappadocia's Underground Cities Unique
- The Geological Formation of Tuff Rock
- Architectural Marvels of Ancient Engineering
- Top Underground Cities to Explore
- Understanding Underground City Architecture
- Planning Your Visit
- Practical Travel Information
- Cultural Significance and Preservation
- Beyond the Underground Cities
- Tips for a Memorable Experience
- Frequently Asked Questions
Introduction
Cappadocia, a region in central Turkey, is renowned for its surreal landscape of fairy chimneys, ancient cave churches, and most notably, its intricate network of underground cities. These subterranean dwellings, carved into the soft volcanic rock, offer a fascinating glimpse into the lives of past civilizations and stand as a testament to human ingenuity and resilience. This comprehensive guide will delve into the history, architecture, and practicalities of exploring Cappadocia's underground cities, ensuring you're fully prepared for an unforgettable journey into the depths of history, whether you are staying in Göreme, Ürgüp, Avanos or anywhere else in this magical region.
A Brief History: From Ancient Civilizations to Modern Tourism
The history of human habitation in Cappadocia stretches back to the Paleolithic era. The region's soft volcanic rock, known as tuff, proved easy to carve, leading to the creation of cave dwellings, churches, and eventually, complex underground cities. The earliest written records referencing these underground cities date back to the writings of Xenophon, a Greek historian, in the 4th century BC. He mentioned people in Anatolia living in excavated houses underground.
These subterranean havens served as refuges during times of war and persecution, particularly during the Roman period when Christians faced oppression, and later during the Byzantine era when Arab raids were frequent. The Hittites, Phrygians, Persians, and Romans all left their mark on the region, contributing to the complex tapestry of cultures that shaped Cappadocia and its underground cities.
In the 20th century, these underground cities were rediscovered and gradually opened to the public, transforming Cappadocia into a major tourist destination. Today, millions of visitors flock to the region each year to marvel at these ancient wonders and experience the unique beauty of Cappadocia's landscape.
Many visitors ask "When is the best time to visit Cappadocia's underground cities?" - we'll answer this in the guide below.
What Makes Cappadocia's Underground Cities Unique
Cappadocia's underground cities are not just simple caves; they are complex, multi-level urban centers built entirely underground. Their uniqueness stems from several factors:
- Scale and Complexity: These cities extend deep into the earth, some reaching depths of over 85 meters (280 feet) and comprising multiple levels connected by a labyrinthine network of tunnels, stairways, and ventilation shafts.
- Self-Sufficiency: The cities were designed for long-term inhabitation, featuring living quarters, kitchens, storage areas, wineries, stables, churches, and even schools. They had sophisticated systems for ventilation, water management, and waste disposal.
- Defensive Design: The cities were ingeniously designed to withstand sieges, with narrow passages, rolling stone doors, and strategically placed traps to deter invaders. The narrow tunnels of Kaymaklı, for example, were a nightmare for would-be invaders.
- Geological Context: The unique geological formation of Cappadocia, with its soft tuff rock, made the construction of these underground cities possible.
The Geological Formation of Tuff Rock
Cappadocia's distinctive landscape is the result of millions of years of geological activity. Volcanic eruptions from Mount Erciyes, Mount Hasan, and Mount Güllüdağ deposited layers of ash, lava, and basalt over the region. Over time, this volcanic material solidified into tuff, a soft, porous rock that is relatively easy to carve.
Tuff's unique properties made it an ideal building material for the ancient inhabitants of Cappadocia. It is lightweight yet durable, provides excellent insulation, and is relatively easy to work with using simple tools. This allowed for the creation of the elaborate cave dwellings, and underground cities like Derinkuyu and Özkonak, that characterize the region.
Architectural Marvels of Ancient Engineering
The construction of Cappadocia's underground cities was a remarkable feat of ancient engineering. Without modern tools or technology, the inhabitants meticulously carved out vast spaces, creating intricate networks of tunnels, rooms, and chambers.
- Excavation Techniques: The primary method of excavation involved using hand tools such as picks, chisels, and hammers to chip away at the soft tuff rock. The excavated material was likely carried out in baskets or using animal labor.
- Structural Integrity: Despite the soft nature of the rock, the underground cities have remained remarkably stable for centuries. The builders understood the importance of leaving sufficient support pillars and arches to maintain the structural integrity of the complex.
- Adaptability: The underground cities were continuously expanded and modified over time, adapting to the changing needs of the inhabitants and responding to new threats.
Top Underground Cities to Explore
While over 200 underground settlements have been discovered in Cappadocia, only a handful are open to the public. Here are some of the most impressive and well-preserved:
Derinkuyu: The Deepest Underground City
Derinkuyu, meaning "deep well," is the largest and deepest excavated underground city in Cappadocia, reaching a depth of approximately 85 meters (280 feet) and capable of housing up to 20,000 people. It comprises multiple levels connected by narrow passageways, with separate areas for living, storage, worship, and defense. Notable features include a large cruciform church, a missionary school, and a vast wine press. Many tours to Derinkuyu depart from Göreme and Ürgüp daily.
Kaymakli: The Widest Underground Network
Kaymaklı is another extensive underground city, known for its wide tunnels and well-organized layout. Though smaller in depth than Derinkuyu, Kaymaklı boasts a wider network of interconnected chambers spread over 8 floors, though only 4 are currently open to visitors. It features stables, a church, a kitchen with a basalt grinding stone, and numerous storage rooms. If you're staying in Ürgüp, Kaymaklı is a great option, being easily accessible. A common question is "Is Kaymaklı underground city accessible for people with mobility issues?" - we'll cover this below.
Ozkonak: The Lesser-Known Gem
Özkonak offers a more intimate experience compared to Derinkuyu and Kaymaklı. Discovered in 1972, it is believed to have housed around 60,000 people. Özkonak is notable for its unique communication system, featuring small holes between levels that allowed residents to communicate vertically. It also has a built-in winery and an efficient ventilation system. For those based in Avanos, Özkonak is a convenient and fascinating underground city to explore.
Gaziemir: The Recently Discovered Wonder
Gaziemir is the most recently discovered underground city, unearthed in 2007 during urban renewal construction. It is believed to have served as a caravanserai, a roadside inn for travelers and merchants along the Silk Road. This underground complex features a large kitchen, stables for camels and horses, a church, and workshops. While only partially excavated, Gaziemir provides valuable insights into the daily life and commerce of ancient Cappadocia.
Understanding Underground City Architecture
The architecture of Cappadocia's underground cities is a marvel of ancient engineering and reflects the ingenuity and resourcefulness of their builders. Several key elements contributed to the functionality and livability of these subterranean spaces.
Ventilation Systems and Air Shafts
Adequate ventilation was crucial for sustaining life underground. The cities were equipped with an intricate network of air shafts that extended to the surface, providing fresh air and preventing the buildup of smoke and stale air. These shafts were often disguised as wells or chimneys to avoid detection by enemies. The ventilation system in Özkonak is particularly impressive.
Water Management and Storage
Access to water was essential for survival. The underground cities had sophisticated water management systems, including wells, cisterns, and channels to collect and store rainwater. Some cities, like Derinkuyu, even had underground rivers that provided a constant supply of fresh water.
Living Quarters and Community Spaces
The living quarters in the underground cities were typically small, functional rooms carved into the rock. Families would live together in these spaces, which were often furnished with simple stone benches and niches for storage. The cities also had larger communal areas, such as kitchens, dining halls, and meeting spaces, where residents could gather and socialize.
Defense Mechanisms and Security Features
The underground cities were designed with defense in mind. Narrow passageways, low ceilings, and strategically placed traps made it difficult for invaders to navigate. Large, rolling stone doors, similar to millstones, could be used to seal off entrances and block tunnels in the event of an attack. Holes in the ceilings allowed defenders to pour hot oil or drop stones on intruders. The defensive features of Kaymaklı are particularly noteworthy.
Planning Your Visit
A trip to Cappadocia's underground cities is an unforgettable experience, but it requires some planning to make the most of your visit.
Best Time to Visit
The best time to visit Cappadocia is during the spring (April-May) or autumn (September-October) when the weather is mild and pleasant. Summers can be hot, and winters can be cold and snowy, making outdoor exploration less enjoyable. However, one advantage of visiting in the winter is potentially lower entry fees and fewer crowds. A common query is "How cold are the underground cities in Cappadocia in winter?" - they maintain a relatively constant temperature year-round, but it's always a good idea to bring a jacket.
Guided Tours vs. Independent Exploration
While it's possible to explore some of the underground cities independently, a guided tour is highly recommended. A knowledgeable guide can provide valuable insights into the history, architecture, and significance of the cities, enhancing your understanding and appreciation. Many guided tours depart from Göreme, Ürgüp, and Avanos, covering various underground cities. Guided tours also often include transportation and access to areas that may not be open to independent visitors. An often asked question is: "Are there guided tours of the underground cities in English?" - the answer is yes, many tour operators offer tours in multiple languages.
Photography Tips and Restrictions
Photography is generally permitted inside the underground cities, but flash photography may be restricted in certain areas to protect the delicate rock formations and any remaining wall paintings. Tripods are usually not allowed due to the narrow passages and limited space. It is always best to check for signage regarding photography rules upon entry.
Accessibility and Physical Requirements
Exploring the underground cities involves navigating narrow tunnels, steep stairways, and uneven surfaces. Some areas may have low ceilings, requiring visitors to crouch or bend over. Individuals with mobility issues may find certain sections challenging. For example, Kaymaklı underground city is not fully accessible for those with mobility issues, while Derinkuyu has some more accessible areas. Comfortable, sturdy footwear is essential.
Practical Travel Information
Getting to Cappadocia
The two main airports serving Cappadocia are Kayseri Erkilet Airport (ASR) and Nevşehir Kapadokya Airport (NAV). Both airports have regular flights from Istanbul and other major Turkish cities. From the airport, you can take a shuttle, taxi, or rent a car to reach your accommodation in Göreme, Ürgüp, Avanos, or other towns in Cappadocia. Many visitors wonder, "How to get to Derinkuyu from Göreme?" - there are shuttle buses and guided tours that provide transportation.
Accommodation Options
Cappadocia offers a wide range of accommodation options, from budget-friendly hostels to luxurious cave hotels. Staying in a cave hotel is a unique experience that allows you to immerse yourself in the region's distinctive architecture. Popular towns for accommodation include Göreme, Ürgüp, Uçhisar, and Ortahisar. Consider booking a "Cappadocia cave hotel near underground cities" for convenient access.
Local Transportation
The best way to explore Cappadocia is by renting a car, which gives you the flexibility to visit the various underground cities and other attractions at your own pace. Taxis and dolmuşes (shared minibuses) are also available for local transportation, especially between towns like Göreme, Ürgüp and Avanos, but they may not be as convenient for reaching more remote sites like Gaziemir.
Entry Fees and Opening Hours
Most underground cities have an entrance fee, typically ranging from 50-100 Turkish Lira (as of 2023, subject to change). It's worth checking for updated prices before you go. Opening hours vary depending on the site and the season, but most are open from 8:00 AM to 5:00 PM or later. It's advisable to check the official websites or inquire locally for the most up-to-date information.
Cultural Significance and Preservation
The underground cities of Cappadocia are not only historical marvels but also hold immense cultural significance.
UNESCO World Heritage Status
In 1985, Göreme National Park and the Rock Sites of Cappadocia were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List, recognizing their outstanding universal value. This designation highlights the importance of preserving these unique cultural and natural treasures for future generations.
Current Conservation Efforts
Turkish authorities and international organizations are actively involved in the conservation and preservation of Cappadocia's underground cities. Efforts include ongoing archaeological research, structural stabilization, visitor management, and environmental monitoring.
Future Archaeological Discoveries
With ongoing archaeological work, there's always the potential for new discoveries in Cappadocia. Future excavations may unearth additional underground cities or reveal new insights into the lives of the people who built and inhabited these remarkable subterranean dwellings.
Beyond the Underground Cities
While the underground cities are a major draw, Cappadocia offers a wealth of other attractions and activities.
Hot Air Balloon Rides
One of the most iconic experiences in Cappadocia is taking a hot air balloon ride at sunrise. Floating over the surreal landscape of fairy chimneys and valleys near Göreme is a truly magical experience.
Surface Cave Churches and Monasteries
Cappadocia is home to numerous cave churches and monasteries, many adorned with beautiful Byzantine frescoes. The Göreme Open Air Museum is a must-visit site, featuring a collection of well-preserved rock-cut churches.
Local Cuisine and Handicrafts
Cappadocia boasts a rich culinary tradition, with dishes like testi kebabı (pottery kebab) and mantı (Turkish dumplings). The region is also known for its handicrafts, including pottery, carpets, and onyx jewelry. You can find excellent examples in Avanos and Ürgüp.
Tips for a Memorable Experience
To make the most of your visit to Cappadocia's underground cities, consider these tips:
What to Pack
- Comfortable walking shoes
- Layers of clothing, as temperatures can fluctuate
- A hat and sunscreen for outdoor exploration
- A small backpack for water and essentials
- A flashlight or headlamp (optional, but can be helpful in darker areas)
Safety Considerations
- Stay on marked paths and follow your guide's instructions.
- Be mindful of low ceilings and uneven surfaces.
- Drink plenty of water, especially during the warmer months.
- Inform someone of your plans if exploring independently.
Cultural Etiquette
- Dress modestly when visiting religious sites.
- Ask for permission before taking photos of people.
- Bargaining is common in markets and shops, but do so respectfully.
- Learn a few basic Turkish phrases, such as "Merhaba" (hello) and "Teşekkür ederim" (thank you).
Photography Guidelines
- Be mindful of photography restrictions in certain areas.
- Avoid using flash photography where it is prohibited.
- Respect the privacy of others when taking photos.
- Capture the beauty of the underground cities and the surrounding landscape responsibly.
Frequently Asked Questions
- How many underground cities are there in Cappadocia? Over 200 underground settlements have been discovered, but only a handful are open to the public.
- Who built the underground cities? The cities were built and expanded over centuries by various civilizations, including the Hittites, Phrygians, Persians, Romans, and Byzantines.
- How deep are the underground cities? Derinkuyu, the deepest, reaches a depth of approximately 85 meters (280 feet).
- Can I visit the underground cities independently? While some can be explored independently, a guided tour is generally recommended.
- Are the underground cities suitable for people with claustrophobia? Individuals with severe claustrophobia may find the experience challenging due to the narrow tunnels and enclosed spaces.
- What is the best time of year to visit Cappadocia's underground cities? Spring (April-May) and autumn (September-October) offer the most pleasant weather.
- How do I get to Derinkuyu from Göreme? Shuttle buses and guided tours are available from Göreme to Derinkuyu.
- Are there guided tours of the underground cities in English? Yes, many tour operators offer tours in English and other languages.
- Is Kaymaklı underground city accessible for people with mobility issues? Kaymaklı has limited accessibility for those with mobility issues, while Derinkuyu offers some more accessible areas.
- How cold are the underground cities in Cappadocia in winter? The underground cities maintain a relatively constant temperature of around 13°C (55°F) year-round, but it is advisable to wear a jacket.
- What are the best underground cities to visit from Ürgüp? Kaymaklı is a great option near Ürgüp, and Derinkuyu is also within easy reach.
- What are the best underground cities to visit from Avanos? Ozkonak is a great choice near Avanos, and Derinkuyu is not too far away.
- What is the best underground city to visit in Cappadocia for families? Derinkuyu and Kaymakli are both good options as they are the most extensive, however, younger children and those with mobility issues may struggle in some areas.
Conclusion
The underground cities of Cappadocia offer a unique and captivating journey into the past. These remarkable feats of ancient engineering, carved into the soft volcanic rock, provide a glimpse into the lives of past civilizations and their resilience in the face of adversity. By exploring these subterranean wonders, you'll gain a deeper appreciation for human ingenuity, the rich history of Cappadocia, and the enduring power of cultural heritage. Plan your visit carefully, immerse yourself in the experience, and prepare to be amazed by the secrets hidden beneath the surface of this extraordinary landscape in the heart of Turkey. Whether you choose to explore Derinkuyu's depths, Kaymaklı's expansive network, Özkonak's hidden passages, or the newly discovered Gaziemir, your journey through Cappadocia's underground cities will undoubtedly be a highlight of your travels.